Tham khảo Tro_núi_lửa

  1. ↑ United States Geological Survey. Tephra: Volcanic Rock and Glass Fragments. Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Rose, W.I.; Durant, A.J. (2009). “Fine ash content of explosive eruptions”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 186 (1–2): 32–39. Bibcode:2009JVGR..186...32R. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.010. 
  3. ↑ Heiken, G. & Wohletz, K. 1985. Volcanic Ash. University of California Press, Berkeley
  4. ↑ Wilson, T.M.; Stewart, C. (2012). “Volcanic Ash”. Trong P, Bobrowsky. Encyclopaedia of Natural Hazards. Springer. tr. 1000. 
  5. ↑ Cashman, K.V.; Sturtevant, B.; Papale, P.; Navon, O. (2000). “Magmatic fragmentation”. Trong Sigurdsson, H.; Houghton, B.F.; McNutt, S.R.; Rymer, H.; Stix, J. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego, USA: Elsevier Inc. tr. 1417. 
  6. ↑ Kueppers, U.; Putz, C.; Spieler, O.; Dingwell, D.B. (2009). “Abrasion in pyroclastic density currents: insights from tumbling experiments”. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 45–46: 33–39. Bibcode:2012PCE....45...33K. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.09.002. 
  7. 1 2 Zimanowski, B. (2000). “Physics of phreatomagmatism. Part 1: explosion physics”. Terra Nostra 6: 515–523. 
  8. ↑ Parfitt, E.A.; Wilson, L. (2008). Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology. Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishing. tr. 256. 
  9. ↑ Walker, G.P.L. (1981). “Generation and dispersal of fine ash by volcanic eruptions”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 11: 81–92. Bibcode:1981JVGR...11...81W. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(81)90077-9. 
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 USGS. “Volcanic Ash, What it can do and how to minimise damage”. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 2 năm 2012. 
  11. 1 2 3 4 Witham, C.S.; Oppenheimer, C.; Horwell, C.J. (2005). “Volcanic ash-leachates: a review and recommendations for sampling methods”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 141: 299–326. Bibcode:2011BVol...73..223W. doi:10.1007/s00445-010-0396-1. 
  12. 1 2 Taylor, H.E.; Lichte, F.E. (1980). “Chemical composition of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash”. Geophysical Research Letters 7: 949–952. Bibcode:1980GeoRL...7..949T. doi:10.1029/GL007i011p00949. 
  13. ↑ Smith, D.B.; Zielinski, R.A.; Taylor, H.E.; Sawyer, M.B. (1983). “Leaching characteristics of ash from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington”. Bulletin Volcanologique 46: 103–124. Bibcode:1983BVol...46..103S. doi:10.1007/bf02597580. 
  14. ↑ Risacher, F.; Alonso, H. (2001). “Geochemistry of ash leachates from the 1993 Lascar eruption, northern Chile. Implication for recycling of ancient evaporites.”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 109: 319–337. Bibcode:2001JVGR..109..319R. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00198-6. 
  15. ↑ Cronin, S.J.; Sharp, D.S. (2002). “Environmental impacts on health from continuous volcanic activity at Yasur (Tanna) and Ambrym, Vanuatu”. Journal of Environmental Health Research 12: 109–123. doi:10.1080/09603120220129274. 
  16. ↑ Nellis, C.A.; Hendrix, K.W. (1980). “Progress report on the investigation of volcanic ash fallout from Mount St Helens”. Bonneville Power Administration, Laboratory Report ERJ-80-47. 
  17. ↑ Sarkinen, C.F.; Wiitala, J.T. (1981). “Investigation of volcanic ash in transmission facilities in the Pacific Northwest”. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 100 (5): 2278–2286. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1981.316741. 
  18. ↑ Bebbington, M.; Cronin, S.J.; Chapman, I.; Turner, M.B. (2008). “Quantifying volcanic ash fall hazard to electricity infrastructure”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177: 1055–1062. Bibcode:2008JVGR..177.1055B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.023. 
  19. 1 2 Wardman, J.B.; Wilson, T.M.; Bodger, P.S.; Cole, J.W.; Johnston, D.M. (2011). “Investigating the electrical conductivity of volcanic ash and its effect on HV power systems”. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 45–46: 128–145. Bibcode:2012PCE....45..128W. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.09.003. 
  20. 1 2 3 4 Heiken, G.; Wohletz, K.H. (1985). Volcanic ash. University of California Press. tr. 245. 
  21. 1 2 3 Heiken, G. (1972). “Morphology and petrography of volcanic ashes”. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83: 1961–1988. Bibcode:1972GSAB...83.1961H. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1961:mapova]2.0.co;2. 
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, T.M.; Stewart, C.; Sword-Daniels, V.; Leonard, G.; Johnston, D.M.; Cole, J.W.; Wardman, J.; Wilson, G.; Barnard, S. (2011). “Volcanic ash impacts on critical infrastructure”. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. doi:10.1016/l.pce.2011.06.006. 
  23. ↑ Shipley, S.; Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. (1982). “Distribution, thickness, and mass of late pleistocene and holocene tephra from major volcanoes in the northwestern United States: a preliminary assessment of hazards from volcanic ejecta to nuclear reactors in the Pacific Northwest”. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1435. 
  24. ↑ Carey, S.; Sparks, R.S.J. (1986). “Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns”. Bulletin of Volcanology 48: 109–125. Bibcode:1986BVol...48..109C. doi:10.1007/BF01046546. 
  25. ↑ Brown, R.J.; Bonadonna, C.; Durant, A.J. (2011). “A review of volcanic ash aggregation”. Chemistry and Physics of the Earth. 45–46: 65–78. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.11.001. 
  26. ↑ Pyle, D. (1989). “The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits”. Bulletin of Volcanology 51: 1–15. Bibcode:1989BVol...51....1P. doi:10.1007/BF01086757. 
  27. 1 2 Platt, R.H. (1991). “Lifelines; An emergency Management Priority for the United States in the 1990s”. Disasters 15: 172–176. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1991.tb00446.x. 
  28. ↑ Johnston, D.M.; Houghton, B.F.; Neall, V.E.; Ronan, K.R.; Paton, D. (2000). “Impacts of the 1945 and 1995-1996 Ruapehu eruptions, New Zealand: An example of increasing societal vulnerability”. GSA Bulletin 112: 720–726. Bibcode:2000GSAB..112..720J. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<720:iotare>2.0.co;2. 
  29. ↑ Johnston, D.M.; Stewart, C.; Leonard, G.S.; Hoverd, J.; Thordarsson, T.; Cronin, S. (2004). “Impacts of volcanic ash on water supplies in Auckland: part I”. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report: 25. 
  30. ↑ Leonard, G.S.; Johnston, D.M.; Williams, S.; Cole, J.W.; Finnis, K.; Barnard, S. (2005). “Impacts and management of recent volcanic eruptions in Ecuador: lessons for New Zealand”. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Science Report: 51. 
  31. ↑ Stewart, C.; Johnston, D.M.; Leonard, G.S.; Horwell, C.J.; Thordarson, T.; Cronin, S.J. (2006). “Contamination of water supplies by volcanic ash fall: A literature review and simple impact modelling”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 158: 296–306. Bibcode:2006JVGR..158..296S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.07.002. 
  32. ↑ Wilson, T.M.; Cole, J.; Stewart, C.; Dewar, D.; Cronin, S. (2008). “Assessment of long-term impacts on agriculture and infrastructure and recovery from the 1991 eruption of Hudson Volcano, Chile”. University of Canterbury: 34. 
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, T.M. (2009). Vulnerability of Pastoral Farming Systems to Volcanic Ash fall Hazard. 
  34. 1 2 Sword-Daniels, V.L. (2010). The impacts of volcanic ash fall on critical infrastructure systems. 
  35. ↑ Wilson, T.M.; Daly, M.; Johnston, D.M. (2009). “Review of Impacts of Volcanic Ash on Electricity Distribution Systems, Broadcasting and Communication Networks”. Auckland Engineering Lifelines Group Project AELG-19. Auckland Regional Council Technical Publication 051. 
  36. 1 2 3 Sammonds, P.; McGuire, B.; Edwards, S. (2010). Volcanic hazard from Iceland: analysis and implications of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. UCL Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction Report. 
  37. 1 2 Miller, T.P.; Casadevall, T.J. (2000). “Volcanic ash hazards to aviation”. Trong H., Sigurdsson; B.F., Houghton; S.R., McNutt; H., Rymer; J., Stix. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego, USA: Elsevier Inc. tr. 1417. 
  38. ↑ “Icelandic volcanic ash alert grounds UK flights”. BBC News Online. 15 tháng 4 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 4 năm 2010. 
  39. ↑ “Finnish F-18 engine check reveals effects of volcanic dust”. flightglobal.com. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 4 năm 2010. 
  40. ↑ “Volcano Ash is Found in RAF Jet's Engines”. news.sky.com. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 4 năm 2010. 
  41. 1 2 “No more volcanic ash plane chaos?”. Norwegian Institute for Air Research. 4 tháng 12 năm 2011. 
  42. ↑ “Easyjet to trial volcanic ash detection system”. BBC. 4 tháng 6 năm 2010. 
  43. ↑ Guffanti, M.; Mayberry, G.C.; Casadevall, T.J.; Wunderman, R. (2008). “Volcanic hazards to airports”. Natural Hazards 51: 287–302. doi:10.1007/s11069-008-9254-2. 
  44. ↑ McNutt, S.R.; Williams, E.R. (2010). “Volcanic lightning: global observations and constraints on source mechanisms”. Bulletin of Volcanology 72: 1153–1167. Bibcode:2010BVol...72.1153M. doi:10.1007/s00445-010-0393-4. 
  45. ↑ Barnard, S. (2009). The vulnerability of New Zealand lifelines infrastructure to ashfall. 
  46. 1 2 Wilson, G.; Wilson, T.M.; Cole, J.W.; Oze, C. (2012). “Vulnerability of laptop computers to volcanic ash and gas”. Natural Hazards 63: 711–736. doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0176-7. 
  47. ↑ Spence, R.J.S.; Kelman, I.; Baxter, P.J.; Zuccaro, G.; Petrazzuoli, S. (2005). “Residential building and occupant vulnerability to tephra fall”. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5: 477–494. doi:10.5194/nhess-5-477-2005. 
  48. 1 2 International Volcanic Health Hazard Network. “International Volcanic Health Hazard Network”. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 11 năm 2011. 
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 Horwell, C.J.; Baxter, P.J. (2006). “The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation”. Bulletin of Volcanology 69: 1–24. Bibcode:2006BVol...69....1H. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0052-y. 
  50. 1 2 Cronin, S.J.; Neall, V.E.; Lecointre, J.A.; Hedley, M.J.; Loganathan, P. (2003). “Environmental hazards of fluoride in volcanic ash: a case study from Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 121: 271–291. Bibcode:2003JVGR..121..271C. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00465-1. 
  51. ↑ Cook, R.J.; Barron, J.C.; Papendick, R.I.; Williams, G.J. (1981). “Impact of Agriculture of the Mount St. Helens Eruptions”. Science 211 (4477): 16–22. Bibcode:1981Sci...211...16C. PMID 17731222. doi:10.1126/science.211.4477.16. 
  52. ↑ Cronin, S.J.; Hedley, M.J.; Neall, V.E.; Smith, R.G. (1998). “Agronomic impact of tephra fallout from the 1995 and 1996 Ruapehu Volcano eruptions, New Zealand”. Environmental Geology 34: 21–30. doi:10.1007/s002540050253. 
  53. ↑ Neild, J.; O'Flaherty, P.; Hedley, P.; Underwood, R.; Johnston, D.M.; Christenson, B.; Brown, P. (1998). “Agriculture recovery from a volcanic eruption: MAF Technical paper 99/2” (PDF). MAF Technical paper 99/2. 
  54. ↑ Rinaldi, S.M.; Peerenboom, J. P.; Kelly, T. K. (tháng 12 năm 2001). “Identifying, understanding and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies”. IEEE Control Systems 21 (6): 11–25. doi:10.1109/37.969131. 
  55. ↑ “Volcanic ash crisis cost airlines £2.2 billion”. The Daily Telegraph. 27 tháng 4 năm 2010. 

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